在 移动固态硬盘 pssd 上安装 windows to go

  • 参考：
  1. rufus 制作 windows to go
    • 勾选“显示USB外置硬盘”
    • 设备：目标USB外置硬盘
    • 镜像文件：选择1803及以前版本的windows（1809版本的WTG有问题，会蓝屏）
    • 镜像选项：Windows To Go
    • 分区类型：MBR
    • 目标系统类型：BIOS 或 UEFI
    • 不需要勾选：“添加对旧BIOS修正”、“使用Rufus MBR配合BIOS ID”
    • 卷标：w10togo
    • 文件系统：NTFS
    • 簇大小：4096字节

    设置好，点击“开始”，然后等一会。

  2. 在Mac上启动windows to go，还有额外工作：

    1. 下载对应mac电脑的驱动安装文件： 程序》辅助工具》启动转换助理》菜单“操作”》下载Windows支持软件》下载windows驱动》将驱动拷贝到外置硬盘
    2. 在Mac启动Windows-to-go，在mac上连接外接普通鼠标和键盘
    3. 在Windows点击刚下载的Windows驱动中的Setup.exe

  3. 调整分区

    df -h 查看ssd的kernal name
    sudo umount -f /dev/sdx，或GParted红右键菜单选择unmount，否则在GParted中看到ntfs系统分区是锁定状态，无法操作
    启动GParted调整分区，我ssd有1T，缩小windows系统分区到200G，其他做data分区

    或者，使用 Disk Utility

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     sudo apt-get install gnome-disk-utility
 gnome-disks  # 启动

  4. ntfs分区读写问题

    ubuntu默认已经安装 ntfs-3g ，但是会以 read-only 方式挂载刚弄好的ntfs分区。
    需要重新挂载一下： sudo mount -o rw,remount /dev/sdXy

    如果remount还无效，umount 之后再mount还报错如下，使用 sudo ntfsfix /dev/sdXY 修复ntfs分区（奇怪的是，修不修复，windows下分区的读写都好好的），

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     $ sudo mount -t ntfs -o defaults,locale=zh_CN.utf8 /dev/sdXy /media/ubuntu/your-part-label

 The disk contains an unclean file system (0, 0).
 Metadata kept in Windows cache, refused to mount.
 Falling back to read-only mount because the NTFS partition is in an
 unsafe state. Please resume and shutdown Windows fully (no hibernation
 or fast restarting.)
 ntfs-3g-mount: failed to access mountpoint /media/wi/t5data: No such file or directory
  5. 用 dd 备份win10 
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     # 备份分区到镜像文件，并用 gzip 压缩
 dd if=/dev/sdb1 bs=64M conv=sync,noerror status=progress | gzip -c > /path/to/backup.img.gz

 # 从镜像文件恢复
 gunzip -c /path/to/backup.img.gz | sudo dd of=/dev/sdb1 status=progress

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     # 备份分区到镜像文件，并用 bzip2 压缩
 dd if=/dev/sda1 bs=64M conv=sync,noerror status=progress | bzip2 -9f > /path/to/backup.img.bz2

 # 从镜像文件恢复
 bunzip2 -dc /path/to/backup.img.bz2 | dd of=/dev/sda1 status=progress

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     # 备份分区到镜像文件，并用 7za 压缩
 dd if=/dev/sda1 bs=1048576 conv=sync,noerror status=progress | 7za a -si -t7z -mx=1 -m0=LZMA2 -mmt=8  /path/to/backup.img.7z

 # 从镜像文件恢复
 7za x /path/to/backup.img.7z -so | dd of=/dev/sda1 status=progress

 # 7z 的多线程
 # https://stackoverflow.com/a/39931605
 -t7z -m0=LZMA2:d64k:fb32 -ms=8m -mmt=30 -mx=1       压缩级别1（最快），30个线程
 # https://www.experts-exchange.com/questions/28727860/What-7zip-Command-Line-Enables-Multithreading.html
 -t7z  -mx=9 -m0=LZMA2 -mmt14

在Mac上使用dd进行备份和恢复

准备工作

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# unmount 要备份的disk
diskutil unmountDisk /dev/disk2

# dd需要root权限
sudo su

使用xz压缩和解压（推荐）

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# 安装 xz
brew install xz

#
# 备份， 用 xz 压缩
date; dd if=/dev/disk2s1 bs=1048576 count=30271 conv=sync,noerror | pv -s 30271m |  xz -z -3ve --threads=0 > /Volumes/Lexar/t5w10_1803.img_30271m.xz; date


# 恢复，用 xz 解压
#
# 恢复前保险起见，清楚分区信息
# 使用mac的磁盘工具，对目标分区格式化下
# 或
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/disk2s1 bs=1048576 count=当前磁盘多少M
#

date; xz -dc --threads=0 /Volumes/Lexar/t5w10_1803.img.xz | pv | dd of=/dev/disk2s1; date

使用 bzip2 备份和恢复

bzip2 默认系统就有无需安装

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# 
# 备份，用 bzip2 压缩
# status=progress 不支持
# bs=1M 不支持，只能写成 bs=1048576
dd if=/dev/disk2s1 bs=1048576 count=分区实际使用多少兆+几兆的余量 conv=sync,noerror  | bzip2 -f > /Volumes/Lexar/t5w10_1803.img.bz2

partition 4k alignment 分区4K对齐

Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sdd1 63 1953523088 1953523026 931.5G NTFS
/dev/sdd2 1953523089 1953524112 1024 512K EFI

/dev/sdd1 2048 1953521663 1953519616 931.5G NTFS
/dev/sdd2 1953523089 1953524112 1024 512K EFI

ubuntu forum - Thread: Installers fdisk and 4k aligned SSD

The 4k alignment usually refers to the Start sector of the first partition, and it’s usually 2048 (that means 1MiB if you calculate 2048 sectors of 512B each).
The rule is more or less that the first sector has to be divisible by 8. Most commonly used value is 2048.

Try listing the disks with parted using sectors as units:
sudo parted -l unit s

What Is Partition Alignment, and Why Should I Care?

How to Check if Your Partitions Are Correctly Aligned

  1. Windows 运行 msinfo32
  2. Components -> Storage -> Disks
  3. Scroll down in the left pane, locate your SSD, and find the “Partition Starting Offset” value below it.
  4. Check if this number is evenly divisible by 4096.

How to Fix Incorrectly Aligned Partitions

  1. use the free version of MiniTool Partition Wizard
    https://www.partitionwizard.com/free-partition-manager.html
  2. launch the partition manager, right-click the partition you want to align, and select “Align”.

How do I check whether partitions on my SSD are properly aligned?

Parted has an align-check build in.

parted /dev/sda
align-check opt n
n is the partition you want to check.

Partition Alignment

fdisk

The -S 32 -H 64 flags will however definitely align along the one megabyte boundary (32 sectors per track by 64 heads by 512 bytes equals 1,048,576 bytes or 1 megabyte).

With regard to util-linux-ng versions after 2.17.1, fdisk will align on the one megabyte boundary, if DOS compatibility mode has been disabled.

The recommended settings for newer versions of fdisk are:[9]

  • Use the fdisk utility from util-linux-ng versions 2.17.2 or later
  • Read the fdsik warnings.
  • Deactivate DOS compatibility mode (the -c flag).
  • Use sectors as display units (the -u flag).
  • Use the +size(M, G) option in order to specify the end of a partition.