debian 使用

Debian 下载

Debian 当前版本查看

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cat /etc/debian_version

Debian 各版本Codename

Debian 11 Bullseye
Debian 10 Buster
Debian 9.0 stretch
Debian 8.0 jessie
Debian 7.0 wheezy
Debian 6.0 squeeze
Debian 5.0 lenny
Debian 4.0 etch
Debian 3.1 sarge
Debian 3.0 woody
Debian 2.2 potato
Debian 2.1 slink
Debian 2.0 hamm
Debian 1.3 bo
Debian 1.2 rex
Debian 1.1 buzz

Debian 9 上使用 FTP / vsftpd

  1. 安装 vsftpd 
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     sudo apt update
 sudo apt install vsftpd

 # 查看是否已经启动
 sudo systemctl status vsftpd
  2. 配置 vsftpd.conf
    vi /etc/vsftpd.conf 
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     listen=NO
 listen_ipv6=YES
 anonymous_enable=NO
 local_enable=YES
 write_enable=YES
 dirmessage_enable=YES
 use_localtime=YES
 xferlog_enable=YES
 connect_from_port_20=YES
 chroot_local_user=YES
 secure_chroot_dir=/var/run/vsftpd/empty
 pam_service_name=vsftpd
    
 # 不使用ssl
 #rsa_cert_file=/etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
 #rsa_private_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
 ssl_enable=NO
    
 data_connection_timeout=12000
 user_sub_token=$USER
 local_root=/home/$USER/ftp
 pasv_min_port=30000
 pasv_max_port=31000
 userlist_enable=YES
 userlist_deny=NO
 userlist_file=/etc/vsftpd.user_list
  3. 修改配置文件后，重启vsftpd ： sudo systemctl restart vsftpd
  4. 配置防火墙 
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     sudo ufw allow 20:21/tcp
 sudo ufw allow 30000:31000/tcp

 # 开ssh的22端口
 sudo ufw allow OpenSSH

 # Reload the UFW rules
 sudo ufw disable
 sudo ufw enable
  5. 创建FTP用户 
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     # 创建 /bin/ftponly 作为FTP用户的shell，禁止ftp用户使用shell
 echo -e '#!/bin/sh\necho "This account is limited to FTP access only."' | sudo tee -a  /bin/ftponly
 sudo chmod a+x /bin/ftponly

 # Append the new shell to the list of valid shells
 echo "/bin/ftponly" | sudo tee -a /etc/shells

 # 创建 FTP用户的HOME
 sudo mkdir -p /home/newftpuser/ftp/upload

 # 创建 FTP用户
 sudo useradd newftpuser -d /home/newftpuser  -s /bin/ftponly
 # 设置密码
 passwd newftpuser

 # 允许 FTP用户使用 vsftpd
 echo "newftpuser" | sudo tee -a /etc/vsftpd.user_list

 # 配置 FTP的目录
 sudo chown -R newftpuser: /home/newftpuser/ftp
 sudo chmod 550 /home/newftpuser/ftp
 sudo chmod 750 /home/newftpuser/ftp/upload
  6. FTP客户端登录测试 
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     sudo apt install ftp
 ftp localhost
 # 按提示输入帐号并登录，如果能登录，说明安装设置正确
  7. FTP客户端使用非加密登录
    1. 启动Filezilla > New Site
    2. Host: your-ftp-server-ip
    3. Encryption: Only use plain FTP(insecure)
    4. 输入 User/Password 后点击连接

Fix “sudo command not found”

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su
apt-get install sudo
vim /etc/sudoers
# 添加 "your-username" ALL=(ALL) ALL